TY  - CHAP
M1  - Book, Section
TI  - Age-Related Macular Degeneration
A1  - Escano, Alisa K.
A1  - Washington, Casey S.
A2  - DiPiro, Joseph T.
A2  - Yee, Gary C.
A2  - Posey, L. Michael
A2  - Haines, Stuart T.
A2  - Nolin, Thomas D.
A2  - Ellingrod, Vicki
Y1  - 2020
N1  - 
T2  - Pharmacotherapy: A Pathophysiologic Approach, 11e
AB  - KEY  CONCEPTS  The  hallmark  sign  of  age-related  macular  degeneration  (AMD)  is  the  development  of  drusen  in  the  macula.  Drusen  are  yellow  deposits  of  lipids  between  the  retinal  pigment  epithelial  and  Bruch’s  membrane  that  can  develop  with  age.  AMD  is  identified  as  the  leading  cause  of  blindness  in  the  industrialized  world  and  a  top  cause  of  blindness  worldwide.  The  two  most  important  risk  factors  for  AMD  are  age  and  smoking.  The  goal  of  treatment  is  to  slow  progression  of  AMD  and  prevent  severe  visual  impairment  or  blindness.  Smoking  cessation  is  the  main  modifiable  risk  factor  that  will  slow  progression  of  AMD.  Pharmacists  and  other  health  professionals  can  play  a  vital  role  in  helping  people  stop  smoking.  Antioxidant  vitamins  and  minerals  may  prevent  cellular  damage  in  the  retina  caused  by  the  formation  of  free  radicals  through  light  absorption.  Use  may  benefit  patients  the  most  with  medium  or  large  sized  drusen  and/or  geographic  atrophy  in  at  least  one  eye.  For  most  patients  with  wet  AMD  and  choroidal  neovascularization,  the  use  of  intravitreal  vascular  endothelial  growth  factor  (VEGF)  inhibitors  and  other  inhibitor-like  drugs  have  led  to  improvement  in  visual  acuity.  The  appeal  of  the  ranibizumab  treat  and  extend  (TREX)  approach  is  the  reduction  of  office  visits  and  medication  cost.  VEGF  inhibitors  and  antioxidant  vitamins  and  minerals  are  the  only  pharmacologic  therapies  available  that  have  been  shown  to  improve  and  stabilize  visual  acuity  in  patients  with  intermediate  to  advanced  AMD.  
SN  - 
PB  - McGraw-Hill Education
CY  - New York, NY
Y2  - 2024/04/24
UR  - accesspharmacy.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1182453055
ER  -