Which of the following is a risk factor for PONV (post-operative nausea/vomiting)?
Smoking
Post-operative opioids
Male gender
BMI over 30
Age over 60 years
Use of post-operative opioids is the only factor listed that has positive overall evidence of increasing the risk of PONV. The other factors are not associated with PONV. In fact, nonsmoking status, female gender, and age younger than 50 years increase the risk of PONV.