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Chapter 15: Drug Therapy of Hypertension, Edema, and Disorders of Sodium and Water Balance

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    AMA Citation
    Drug Therapy of Hypertension, Edema, and Disorders of Sodium and Water Balance. In: Rollins DE, Blumenthal DK. Rollins D.E., Blumenthal D.K. Eds. Douglas E. Rollins, and Donald K. Blumenthal.eds. Workbook and Casebook for Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; . http://accesspharmacy.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=1697&sectionid=111005026. Accessed February 21, 2020.
    MLA Citation
    . "Drug Therapy of Hypertension, Edema, and Disorders of Sodium and Water Balance." Workbook and Casebook for Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics Rollins DE, Blumenthal DK. Rollins D.E., Blumenthal D.K. Eds. Douglas E. Rollins, and Donald K. Blumenthal. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, , http://accesspharmacy.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=1697&sectionid=111005026.

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INTRODUCTION

This chapter will be most useful after having a basic understanding of the material in the section on hypertension in Chapter 27 Drug Therapy of Myocardial Ischemia and Hypertension in Goodman & Gilman’s The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 12th Edition (pp 765-785), as well as material in Chapter 25 Regulation of Renal Volume and Vascular Volume and Chapter 26 Renin and Angiotensin. In addition to the material presented here, the 12th Edition contains:

  • The molecular structures of drugs used to treat hypertension, edema, and other disorders of Na+ and water balance

  • Figure 25-1 The anatomy and nomenclature of the nephron

  • Figure 25-5 Changes in the extracellular fluid volume and weight with diuretic therapy

  • An extensive discussion of the functions and effects of the renin-angiotensin system in Chapter 26

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

  • Understand the mechanisms of action of drugs used to treat hypertension, edema, and other disorders of Na+ and water balance.

  • Know the untoward effects of drugs used to treat hypertension, edema, and other disorders of Na+ and water balance.

  • Know which patients should be treated and when treatment should be initiated.

  • Know which drugs are most effective in treating individual hypertensive patients with specific comorbidities, including diabetes mellitus, congestive heart failure, and renal disease.

  • Know which drugs can be used in combination.

  • Know how to set treatment goals based on target blood pressures and other clinical measures.

DRUGS INCLUDED IN THIS CHAPTER

  • Acetazolamide (DIAMOX, others)

  • β Adrenergic receptor antagonists (many; Table 15-1; see Chapter 7)

  • Aliskiren (TEKTURNA)

  • Amiloride (MIDAMOR, others)

  • Amiloride/hydrochlorothiazide (generic)

  • Amlodipine (NORVASC)

  • Bendroflumethiazide (NATURETIN)

  • Benzapril (LOTENSIN, others)

  • Bumetanide (BUMEX, others)

  • Candesartan cilexetil (ATACAND)

  • Captopril (CAPOTEN, others)

  • Chlorothiazide (DIURIL)

  • Chlorthalidone (HYGROTON)

  • Clevidipine (CLEVIPREX)

  • Clonidine (CATAPRES, others)

  • Conivaptan (VAPRISOL)

  • Desmopressin acetate (1-deamino-8-d-arginine vasopressin, DDAVP, others)

  • Diazoxide

  • Dichlorphenamide (DARAMIDE)

  • Diltiazem (CARDIZEM)

  • Doxazosin (CARDURA, others)

  • Enalapril (VASOTEC, others)

  • Enalaprilat (VASOTEC INJECTION, others)

  • Eplerenone (INSPRA, others)

  • Ethacrynic acid (EDECRIN, others)

  • Felodipine (PLENDIL)

  • Fenoldopam (CORLOPAM)

  • Fosinopril (MONOPRIL, others)

  • Furosemide (LASIX, others)

  • Glycerin (OSMOGLYN)

  • Guanabenz (WYTENSIN)

  • Guanadrel

  • Guanfacine (INTUNIV, TENEX)

  • Human recombinant ANP (carperitide, available only in Japan)

  • Human recombinant BNP (nesiritide, NATRECOR)

  • Hydralazine (APRESOLINE)

  • Hydrochlorothiazide (HYDRODIURIL)

  • Hydroflumethiazide (SALURON)

  • Indapamide (LOZOL)

  • Irbesartan (AVAPRO)

  • Isosorbide (ISMOTIC)

  • Isradipine (DYNACIRC)

  • Lisinopril (PRINIVIL, ZESTRIL, others)

  • Losartan (COZAAR)

  • Mannitol (OSMITROL, others)

  • Methazolamide (GLAUCTABS)

  • Methyclothiazide (ENDURON)

  • Methyldopa (ALDOMET, others)

  • Metolazone (MYKROX, ZAROXOLYN)

  • Minoxidil (LONITEN)

  • Moexipril (UNIVASC, others)

  • Nicardipine (CARDENE)

  • Nifedipine (PROCARDIA ER)

  • Nisoldipine (SULAR)

  • Nitroprusside

  • Olmesartan medoxomil (BENICAR)

  • Perindopril (ACEON)

  • Polythiazide (RENESE)

  • Prazosin (MINIPRESS, others)

  • Quinapril (ACCUPRIL, others)

  • Quinethazone (HYDROMOX)

  • Ramipril (ALTACE, others)

  • Reserpine

  • Spironolactone (ALDACTONE, others)

  • Telmisartan (MICARDIS)

  • Terazosin (HYTRIN and others)

  • Terlipressin (LUCASSIN)

  • Tolvaptan (SAMSCA)

  • Torsemide (DEMADEX, others)

  • Trandolapril (MAVIK, others)

  • Triamterene (DYRENIUM)

  • Triamterene/hydrochlorothiazide (DYAZIDE, MAXZIDE, others)

  • Trichlormethiazide (NAQUA)

  • Urea (UREAPHIL, currently not available in the United States)

  • Valsartan (DIOVAN)

  • Vasopressin (8-l-arginine vasopressin, PITRESSIN, others)

  • Verapamil (CALAN, others)

Table 15-1Criteria for Hypertension in Adults
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Table 15-1...

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