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Content Update
December 29, 2019
2019 CDC Antibiotic-Resistance Threats Report: In November 2019 the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) released an updated report on antibiotic resistance threats, last published in 2013. The report includes the latest national infection and death estimates, including 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occurring in the U.S. each year and over 35,000 deaths. The report also notes 223,900 cases of Clostridiodes difficile in 2017 with at least 12,800 deaths. The report provides data on 18 antibiotic-resistant bacteria and fungi in three categories based on level of concern to human health – urgent, serious, and concerning. The report serves as a reference for information on antibiotic resistance and provides the latest estimates on antibiotic resistance burden.
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Content Update
Jully 3, 2018
Risk of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile Infection with Documented Penicillin Allergy: Many patients are labelled as penicillin allergic but do not have true immediate penicillin hypersensitivity. This can lead to unnecessary administration of broad-spectrum antimicrobials, which can promote emergence of antimicrobial resistance (eg, MRSA) and development of healthcare-associated infections such as C. difficile. A recent report demonstrated that patients with documented penicillin allergy have a higher risk of infections with MRSA and C. difficile. The report supports the principle of using the most narrow spectrum antimicrobial that is effective to treat an infection, and that unnecessary use of broad-spectrum antimicrobials increases the risk of bacterial resistance and emergence of superinfections. When penicillin allergy is suspected, efforts should be made to determine if the patient experienced an immediate hypersensitivity reaction.
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Content Update
April 8, 2018
2017 Updated Guidelines for Clostridium difficile Infections: The Infectious Diseases Society of America and the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America released updated guidelines for Clostridium difficile infections (CDI) in adults and children. The document is a comprehensive update of the 2010 guidelines for epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment and now includes recommendations for children. The reader is advised to consult the original source for the full recommendations.
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Content Update
May 11, 2017
Vancomycin Reduces Mortality Rates in Patients with Severe Clostridium Difficile Infection:
A retrospective analysis found that the 30-day mortality risk in patients with severe Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) was significantly lower in patients treated with vancomycin compared to metronidazole.
There was no difference in the risk of CDI recurrence between the two treatments. The study provides additional evidence that vancomycin should be the preferred treatment for patients with severe CDI.
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Patient Care Process for Clostridium difficile Infections
Collect
Patient characteristics (e.g., age, sex)
Patient medical history (personal and family), including any previous episodes of CDI
Social history (e.g., tobacco/ethanol use) and dietary habits
Current medications including OTC, herbal products, dietary supplements, acid suppressive medication, and previous antibiotic use (within the past 3 months)
Characteristics of diarrhea including onset, number of episodes per day, and presence of blood
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