Tubular epithelial cell damage |
Acute tubular necrosis Aminoglycoside antibiotics Radiographic contrast media Cisplatin, carboplatin Amphotericin B Cyclosporine, tacrolimus Adefovir, cidofovir, tenofovir | Pentamidine Foscarnet Zoledronate Osmotic nephrosis Mannitol Dextran IV immunoglobulin |
Hemodynamically mediated kidney injury |
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Obstructive nephropathy |
Crystal nephropathy Acyclovir Sulfonamides Indinavir Foscarnet Methotrexate | Nephrolithiasis Sulfonamides Triamterene Indinavir Nephrocalcinosis |
Glomerular disease |
Minimal change disease NSAIDs, COX-2 inhibitors Lithium Pamidronate Interferon-α and -β Membranous disease NSAIDs Penicillamine Captopril | Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis Pamidronate Interferon-α and -β Lithium Sirolimus Anabolic steroids |
Tubulointerstitial disease |
Acute allergic interstitial nephritis | Chronic interstitial nephritis Cyclosporine Lithium Aristolochic acid Papillary necrosis |
Renal vasculitis, thrombosis, and cholesterol emboli |
Vasculitis and thrombosis Hydralazine Propylthiouracil Allopurinol Penicillamine Gemcitabine Mitomycin C | Methamphetamines Cyclosporine, tacrolimus Adalimumab Bevacizumab Cholesterol emboli Warfarin Thrombolytic agents |