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Chapter 36. Regulation of Respiration
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The main respiratory control neurons
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A. send out regular bursts of impulses to expiratory muscles during quiet respiration.
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B. are unaffected by stimulation of pain receptors.
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C. are located in the pons.
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D. send out regular bursts of impulses to inspiratory muscles during quiet respiration.
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E. are unaffected by impulses from the cerebral cortex.
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Intravenous lactic acid increases ventilation. The receptors responsible for this effect are located in the
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E. trachea and large bronchi.
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Spontaneous respiration ceases after
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A. transection of the brainstem above the pons.
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B. transection of the brainstem at the caudal end of the medulla.
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D. bilateral vagotomy combined with transection of the brainstem at the superior border of the pons.
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E. transection of the spinal cord at the level of the first thoracic segment.
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The following physiological events that occur in vivo are listed in random order: (1) decreased CSF pH; (2) increased arterial Pco2; (3) increased CSF Pco2; (4) stimulation of medullary chemoreceptors; and (5) increased alveolar Pco2.
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What is the usual sequence in which they occur when they affect respiration?
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The following events that occur in the carotid bodies when they are exposed to hypoxia are listed in random order: (1) depolarization of type I glomus cells; (2) excitation of afferent nerve endings; (3) reduced conductance of hypoxia-sensitive K+ channels in type I glomus cells; (4) Ca2+ entry into type I glomus cells; (5) decreased K+ efflux.
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What is the usual sequence in which they occur on exposure to hypoxia?
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