Medical conditions that induce mania CNS disorders (brain tumor, strokes, head injuries, subdural hematoma, multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, temporal lobe seizures, Huntington disease) Infections (encephalitis, neurosyphilis, sepsis, human immunodeficiency virus) Electrolyte or metabolic abnormalities (calcium or sodium fluctuations, hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia) Endocrine or hormonal dysregulation (Addison disease, Cushing disease, hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism, menstrual-related or pregnancy-related or perimenopausal mood disorders) |
Medications or drugs that induce mania Alcohol intoxication Drug withdrawal states (alcohol, α2-adrenergic agonists, antidepressants, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, opiates) Antidepressants (MAOIs, TCAs, 5-HT and/or NE and/or DA reuptake inhibitors, 5-HT antagonists) DA-augmenting agents (CNS stimulants: amphetamines, cocaine, sympathomimetics; DA agonists, releasers, and reuptake inhibitors) Hallucinogens (LSD, PCP) Marijuana intoxication precipitates psychosis, paranoid thoughts, anxiety, and restlessness NE-augmenting agents (α2-adrenergic antagonists, β-agonists, NE reuptake inhibitors) Steroids (anabolic, adrenocorticotropic hormone, corticosteroids) Thyroid preparations Xanthines (caffeine, theophylline) Nonprescription weight loss agents and decongestants (ephedra, pseudoephedrine) Herbal products (St. John’s wort) |