++
4.1 Introduction to the Functional Tests
4.2 Distance Lateral and Vertical Deviations by von Graefe (VG) Technique
4.3 Near Lateral and Vertical Deviations by von Graefe (VG) Technique
4.4 Distance Horizontal Step and Smooth Vergences
4.5 Distance Vertical Step and Smooth Vergences
4.6 Near Horizontal Step and Smooth Vergences
4.7 Near Vertical Step and Smooth Vergences
4.8 Amplitude of Accommodation (Amps)
4.9 Fused Cross Cylinder (FCC)
4.10 Negative Relative Accommodation/Positive Relative Accommodation (NRA/PRA)
4.11 Binocular Accommodative Facility (BAF) & Monocular Accommodative Facility (MAF)
4.12 Dynamic Retinoscopy: Monocular Estimation Method (MEM)
4.13 Modified Thorington (MT)
4.14 Maddox Rod (MR)
4.15 Gradient Accommodative Convergence to Accommodation (AC/A) Ratio
4.16 Associated Phoria
4.17 Worth Four Dot (W4D)
4.18 Four Prism Diopter Base Out Test (4? BO Test)
4.19 Pursuits and Saccades
+++
4.1 INTRODUCTION TO THE FUNCTIONAL TESTS
++
To maintain clear, comfortable, binocular vision for all visual tasks, a patient needs a number of well-functioning visual skills. The patient must be able to align and maintain alignment of their two eyes in addition to having sufficient accommodation to sustain focus comfortably. Additionally, the patient’s accommodative system must be accurate and efficient. Due to the interconnection of the accommodative and vergence systems, both systems must function well and interact appropriately. To evaluate the patient’s visual informational processing and binocular function status, tests of the accommodative and vergence system are performed. This chapter outlines a number of commonly used, basic functional tests that can be performed during a primary care, comprehensive eye exam. Table 4-1 provides the expected findings for commonly performed entrance and functional tests.
++