Sections View Full Chapter Figures Tables Videos Annotate Full Chapter Figures Tables Videos Supplementary Content + Glossary Download Section PDF Listen ++ A, B, C: Preexponential constants for three-compartment model equation ++ a, b, c: Exponents for three-compartment model equation ++ a, b, g: Exponents for three-compartment model equation (equivalent to a, b, c above) ++ λ1, λ2, λ3: Exponents for three-compartment-type exponential equation (equivalent to a, b, c above; more terms may be added and indexed numerically with l subscripts for multiexponential models) ++ Ab: Amount of drug in the body of time t; see alsoDB ++ Ab∞: Total amount of drug in the body ++ ABC: ABC transport protein ++ AE: Adverse event ++ ANDA: Abbreviated New Drug Application; see alsoNDA ++ ANOVA: Analysis of variance ++ API: Active pharmaceutical ingredient ++ AUC: Area under the plasma level–time curve ++ : Area under the plasma level–time curve extrapolated to infinite time ++ : Area under the plasma level–time curve from t = 0 to last measurable plasma drug concentration at time t ++ AUMC: Area under the (first) moment–time curve ++ BA: Bioavailability ++ BCS: Biopharmaceutics classification system ++ BDDCS: Drug disposition classification system ++ BE: Bioequivalence ++ BLA: Biologic license application ++ BM: Biomarker ++ BMI: Body mass index ++ BRCP: Breast cancer-resistance protein (an ABC transporter) ++ BUN: Blood urea nitrogen ++ C: Concentration (mass/volume) ++ Ca: Drug concentration in arterial plasma ++ : Average steady-state plasma drug concentration; see also ++ Cc or Cp: Concentration of drug in the central compartment or in plasma ++ CCr: Serum creatinine concentration, usually expressed as mg% ++ CE: Clinical endpoint ++ Ceff: Minimum effective drug concentration ++ CGI: Concentration of drug in gastrointestinal tract ++ CI: Confidence interval ++ Cm: Metabolite plasma concentration ++ Cmax: Maximum concentration of drug ++ : Maximum steady-state drug concentration; see also Cssmax ++ Cmin: Minimum concentration of drug ++ : Minimum steady-state drug concentration; see alsoCssmin ++ Cp: Concentration of drug in plasma ++ : Concentration of drug in plasma at zero time (t = 0) (equivalent to C0) ++ : Steady-state plasma drug concentration (equivalent to CSS) ++ : Last measured plasma drug concentration ++ CSS: Concentration of drug at steady state ++ Cssav: Average concentration at steady state ++ Cssmax: Maximum concentration at steady state ++ Cssmin: Minimum concentration at steady state ++ Ct: Concentration of drug in tissue ++ cGMP: Current good manufacturing practices ++ CKD: Chronic kidney disease ++ ClCr: Creatinine clearance ++ ClD: Dialysis clearance ++ Clh: Hepatic clearance ++ Clint: Intrinsic clearance ++ Cl'int: Intrinsic clearance (unbound or free drug) ++ Clnr: Nonrenal clearance ++ ClR: Renal clearance ++ : Renal clearance of uremic patient ++ ClT: Total body clearance ++ COX-1: Cyclo-oxygenase-1 ++ CRF: Case report form ++ CRFA: Cumulative relative fraction absorbed ++ Cv: Drug concentration in venous plasma ++ %CV: Percent coefficient of variation ++ CYP: Cytochrome P-450 ++ D: Amount of drug (mass, eg, mg) ++ DA: Amount of drug absorbed ++ DB: Amount of drug in body ++ DE: Drug eliminated ++ DGI: Amount of drug in gastrointestinal tract ++ DL: Loading (initial) dose ++ Dm: Maintenance dose ++ DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid ++ DN: Normal dose ++ DP: Drug in central compartment ++ Dt: Amount of drug in tissue ++ Du: Amount of drug in urine ++ D0: Dose of drug ++ D0: Amount of drug at zero time (t = 0) ++ E: Pharmacologic effect ++ e: Intercept on y axis of graph relating pharmacologic response to log drug concentration ++ eGFR: Estimate of GFR based on an MDRD equation ++ Emax: Maximum pharmacologic effect ++ E0: Pharmacologic effect at zero drug concentration ++ EC50: Drug concentration that produces 50% maximum pharmacologic effect ++ ELS: Extended least square ++ ER: Extraction constant (equivalent to Eh); extraction ratio ++ F: Fraction of dose absorbed (bioavailability factor) ++ f: Fraction of dose remaining in the body ++ fe: Fraction of unchanged drug excreted unchanged in urine ++ fu: Unbound fraction of drug ++ FDA: US Food and Drug Administration ++ f(t): Function representing drug elimination over time (time is the independent variable) ++ f'(t): Derivative of f(t) ++ GFR: Glomerular filtration rate ++ GI: Gastrointestinal tract ++ GMP: Good Manufacturing Practice ++ [I]: [I] is the inhibitor concentration in an enzymatic reaction ++ IBW: Ideal body weight ++ IVIVC: In vitro–in vivo correlation ++ k: Overall drug elimination rate constant (k = ke + km); first-order rate constant, similar to ke1 ++ Ka: Association binding constant ++ ka: First-order absorption rate constant ++ Kd: Dissociation binding constant ++ ke: Excretion rate constant (first order) ++ kel: Excretion rate constant (first order) ++ ke0: Transfer rate constant out of the effect compartment ++ kI: Inhibition constant: = k-I/kI+ ++ KM: Michaelis–Menten constant ++ km: Metabolism rate constant (first order) ++ kN: Normal elimination rate constant (first order) ++ : Nonrenal elimination constant of normal patient ++ : Renal elimination constant of uremic patient ++ ku: Uremic elimination rate constant (first order) ++ kon: First-order association rate constant ++ koff: First-order dissociation constant ++ k0: Zero-order absorption rate constant ++ kle: Transfer rate constant from the central to the effect compartment ++ k21: Transfer rate constant (from the tissue to the central compartment); first-order transfer rate constant from compartment 2 to compartment 1 ++ LBW: Lean body weight ++ m: Slope (also slope of E versus log C) ++ Mu: Amount of metabolite excreted in urine ++ mAbs: Monoclonal antibodies ++ MAT: Mean absorption time ++ MDR1: p-Glycoprotein, ABCB1 ++ MDRD: MDRD equation used to estimate of GFR ++ MDT: Mean dissolution time ++ MEC: Minimum effective concentration ++ miRNA: MicroRNA ++ MLP: Maximum life-span potential ++ MRP: Multidrug resistance-associated proteins ++ MRT: Mean residence time ++ MRTc: Mean residence time from the central compartment ++ MRTp: Mean residence time from the peripheral compartment ++ MRTt: Mean residence time from the tissue compartment (same as MRTp) ++ MTC: Minimum toxic concentration ++ μ0: Area under the zero moment curve (same as AUC) ++ μ1: Area under the first moment curve (same as AUMC) ++ NDA: New Drug Application ++ NONMEN: Nonlinear mixed-effect model ++ NTI: Narrow therapeutic index; see also critical dose drug ++ OTC: Over-the-counter drugs ++ OATP: Organic anion transporting polypeptide ++ OAT: Organic anion transporter ++ P: Amount of protein ++ PD: Pharmacodynamics ++ PEG: Polyethylene glycol ++ P-gp: p-Glycoprotein, MDR1, ABCB1 ++ PGt: Pharmacogenetics ++ PK: Pharmacokinetics ++ PPI: Patient package insert ++ Q: Blood flow ++ QA: Quality assurance ++ QbD: Quality by design ++ QC: Quality control ++ R: Infusion rate; ratio of Cmax after n dose to Cmax after one dose (see Chapter 8) (accumulation ratio); pharmacologic response (see Chapter 19) ++ r: Ratio of mole of drug bound to total moles of protein ++ Rmax: Maximum pharmacologic response ++ RLD: Reference-listed drug ++ RNA: Ribonucleic acid ++ RNAi: RNA interference ++ SD: Standard deviation ++ siRNA: Small inhibitory RNA ++ SNP: Single-nucleotide polymorphism ++ t: Time (hours or minutes); denotes tissue when used as a subscript ++ teff: Duration of pharmacologic response to drug ++ tinf: Infusion period ++ tlag: Lag time ++ tmax: Time of occurrence for maximum (peak) drug concentration ++ t0: Initial or zero time ++ t1/2: Half-life ++ τ: Time interval between doses ++ USP: United States Pharmacopeia ++ V: Volume (L or mL) ++ v: Velocity ++ Vapp: Apparent volume of distribution (binding) ++ VC: Volume of central compartment ++ VD: Volume of distribution ++ Ve: Volume of the effect compartment ++ Vi: Vi and V are the reaction velocity with and without inhibitor, respectively ++ Vmax: Maximum metabolic rate ++ Vp: Volume of plasma (central compartment) ++ Vt: Volume of tissue compartment ++ (VD)exp: Extrapolated volume of distribution ++ (VD)SS or VDSS: Steady-state volume of distribution