TY - CHAP M1 - Book, Section TI - Chronic Kidney Disease/End-Stage Renal Disease A1 - Burnworth, Melinda (Mindy) J. A1 - Walton, Ted A2 - Sutton, S. Scott PY - 2019 T2 - McGraw-Hill's NAPLEX® Review Guide, 3e AB - Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a progressive disease staged on the patient’s glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and presence of albuminuria. The National Kidney Foundation’s Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (KDOQI) and the global nonprofit foundation, Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO), define CKD as: (1) pathological abnormalities or markers of kidney damage such as proteinuria present for more than or equal to 3 months with or without a decreased GFR, or (2) a GFR less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 for more than or equal to 3 months. Staging of CKD identifies patients at higher risk of worsening clinical manifestations and disease complications. Stages are determined by GFR and albuminuria categories. See Table 35-1 for CKD staged by GFR. Albuminuria is categorized by urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR) as mg/g or urinary albumin excretion rate (AER) as mg/24 hour. A1 is less than 30 ACR or AER (normal to mildly increased protein). A2 is 30 to 300 ACR or AER (moderately increased). A3 is greater than 300 ACR or AER (including nephrotic syndrome) (severely increased). Kidney failure is defined as: (1) a GFR less than 15 mL/min/1.73 m2, or (2) a need for kidney replacement therapy (KRT) such as continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT), intermittent hemodialysis (IHD), peritoneal dialysis (PD), or kidney transplantation to maintain renal homeostasis and avoid complications. End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is an administrative term that determines reimbursement conditions for health care by the Medicare ESRD Program. ESRD includes patients treated by dialysis or transplantation, irrespective of the level of GFR. SN - PB - McGraw-Hill Education CY - New York, NY Y2 - 2024/03/29 UR - accesspharmacy.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1158315023 ER -