TY  - CHAP
M1  - Book, Section
TI  - Chapter 37. Liver Cirrhosis and Complications
A1  - Sease, Julie M.
A2  - Sutton, S. Scott
PY  - 2011
T2  - McGraw-Hill's NAPLEX® Review Guide
AB  - The  term  cirrhosis  refers  to  the  histological  findings  of  regenerative  hepatic  nodules  surrounded  by  fibrous  bands  (collagenous  scars)  in  the  liver.1  These  abnormal  findings  are  caused  by  chronic  liver  injury  and  can  lead  to  portal  hypertension,  esophageal  varices,  ascites,  spontaneous  bacterial  peritonitis,  hepatic  encephalopathy,  hepatorenal  syndrome,  hepatopulmonary  syndrome,  hepatocellular  carcinoma,  thrombocytopenia,  and  coagulopathies.  While  the  exact  prevalence  of  cirrhosis  worldwide  is  difficult  to  determine  for  a  number  of  reasons,  a  reasonable  estimate  is  that  up  to  1%  of  populations  are  afflicted  with  the  histological  abnormalities  that  define  cirrhosis.  In  the  United  States,  liver  disease  is  currently  ranked  12th  among  the  leading  causes  of  death.2  Alcoholism  and  hepatitis  C  are  the  most  common  causes  of  cirrhosis  in  the  western  world.1  Other  causes  include  hepatitis  B,  nonalcoholic  steatohepatitis,  primary  biliary  cirrhosis,  primary  sclerosing  cholangitis,  hemochromatosis,  Wilson  disease,  and  alpha-1-antitrypsin  deficiency.  Liver  injury  has  been  linked  to  nearly  1000  drugs.3  Examples  of  common  drugs  which  may  cause  liver  injury  include  amiodarone,  HMG-CoA  reductase  inhibitors,  highly  active  antiretroviral  therapy,  ketoconazole,  nicotinic  acid,  acetaminophen,  retinol,  rifampin,  isoniazid,  phenytoin,  valproic  acid,  azathioprine,  estrogens,  and  oral  contraceptives.  Usually,  drug-induced  liver  disease  resembles  acute  hepatitis,  cholestatic  liver  disease  or  mixed  hepatitis/cholestasis,  but  may  also  resemble  fibrosis  and  cirrhosis  (eg,  methotrexate).  
SN  - 
PB  - The McGraw-Hill Companies
CY  - New York, NY
Y2  - 2024/04/16
UR  - accesspharmacy.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=7253284
ER  -