TY - CHAP M1 - Book, Section TI - Antituberculous Medications A1 - Hernon, Christina H. A1 - Lai, Jeffrey T. A2 - Nelson, Lewis S. A2 - Howland, Mary Ann A2 - Lewin, Neal A. A2 - Smith, Silas W. A2 - Goldfrank, Lewis R. A2 - Hoffman, Robert S. Y1 - 2019 N1 - T2 - Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies, 11e AB - Approximately one-third of the total population of the world, or 2 billion ­people, are infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. An estimated 10.4 million new cases of disease are diagnosed annually.169 In 2010, 1.45 million deaths were reported; of which approximately 0.35 million were attributed to HIV-associated tuberculosis. In 2014, the incidence of TB in the United States was the lowest recorded (9,412 new cases) since the inception of national reporting in 1953, but in 2015, the number increased to 9557, after declining annually for more than 20 years.25,134 The introduction of isoniazid (INH) into clinical practice in 1952 produced a steady decline in the number of TB cases in the United States over the subsequent 30 years. However, between 1985 and 1991, there was a resurgence in TB cases in the United States resulting primarily from the effects of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), homelessness, deterioration in the health care infrastructure, and an increase in immigration. With the initiation and implementation of containment strategies, the spread of the infection slowed by aggressive case identification and patient-centered management, including directly observed therapy, social support, housing, and substance abuse treatment. These methods decreased the prevalence rate in the United States and worldwide.115 In 2006, 20% of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates were resistant to at least isoniazid and rifampin, called multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB), and 2% were identified as highly resistant extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB), with resistance to many additional drugs—defined as all fluoroquinolones, and at least one of 3 injectable drugs (capreomycin, kanamycin, and amikacin).9,24 Between 1993 and 2015, 73 cases of XDR-TB were reported in the United States.26 SN - PB - McGraw-Hill Education CY - New York, NY Y2 - 2024/03/28 UR - accesspharmacy.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1163012911 ER -