TY  - CHAP
M1  - Book, Section
TI  - Toxic Effects of Solvents and Vapors
A1  - Bruckner, James V.
A1  - Anand, S. Satheesh
A1  - Warren, D. Alan
A2  - Klaassen, Curtis D.
PY  - 2019
T2  - Casarett & Doull’s Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons, 9th edition
AB  - The  term  solvent  refers  to  a  class  of  organic  chemicals  of  variable  lipophilicity  and  volatility.  These  properties,  coupled  with  small  molecular  size  and  lack  of  charge,  make  inhalation  the  major  route  of  exposure  and  provide  for  ready  absorption  across  membranes  of  the  lung,  gastrointestinal  (GI)  tract,  and  skin.  In  general,  the  lipophilicity  of  solvents  increases  with  increasing  numbers  of  carbon  and/or  halogen  atoms,  while  volatility  decreases.  Organic  solvents  are  frequently  used  to  dissolve,  dilute,  or  disperse  materials  that  are  insoluble  in  water.  As  such  they  are  widely  employed  as  degreasers  and  as  constituents  of  paints,  varnishes,  lacquers,  inks,  aerosol  spray  products,  dyes,  and  adhesives.  Other  uses  are  as  intermediates  in  chemical  synthesis,  and  as  fuels  and  fuel  additives.  Most  organic  solvents  are  refined  from  petroleum.  Many  solvents  such  as  naphthas  and  gasoline  are  complex  mixtures,  often  consisting  of  hundreds  of  compounds.  Early  in  the  twentieth  century,  there  were  perhaps  a  dozen  or  so  known  and  commonly  used  solvents.  By  1981,  this  number  had  climbed  to  approximately  350  (OSHA,  2006).  
SN  - 
PB  - McGraw-Hill Education
CY  - New York, NY
Y2  - 2024/04/18
UR  - accesspharmacy.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1158502434
ER  -