TY - CHAP M1 - Book, Section TI - Epigraph A1 - Nelson, Lewis S. A1 - Howland, Mary Ann A1 - Lewin, Neal A. A1 - Smith, Silas W. A1 - Goldfrank, Lewis R. A1 - Hoffman, Robert S. PY - 2019 T2 - Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies, 11e AB - The cover image is the Papaver somniferum and is the source of opium. The plant is native to Southwestern Asia, but now grown around the globe. Its products have been used medicinally and recreationally for thousands of years. The beautiful flowers lose their petals with a resultant green capsule, which when lanced exudes the highly viscous opium. Opium contains numerous alkaloids of which morphine, codeine, papaverine, and thebaine are the most medically consequential. Morphine is an opioid agonist analgesic, which when diacetylated produces heroin. Naloxone, a pure opioid antagonist and derivative of thebaine, reverses most of the clinical effects of opioid agonists. Opioids in almost all forms are used with remarkable success for acute pain and conversely, misused and abused with tragic implications for patients, families, and society. The safe and appropriate use of the products and derivatives of Papaver somniferum will define much of the work of toxicologists in the twenty-first century. SN - PB - McGraw-Hill Education CY - New York, NY Y2 - 2024/03/28 UR - accesspharmacy.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1162999812 ER -