TY - CHAP M1 - Book, Section TI - Tissue Engineering A1 - Atala, Anthony A2 - Kasper, Dennis A2 - Fauci, Anthony A2 - Hauser, Stephen A2 - Longo, Dan A2 - Jameson, J. Larry A2 - Loscalzo, Joseph PY - 2014 T2 - Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 19e AB - Tissue engineering is a field that applies principles of regenerative medicine to restore the function of various organs by combining cells with biomaterials. It is multidisciplinary, often combining the skills of physicians, cell biologists, bioengineers, and material scientists, to recapitulate the native three-dimensional architecture of an organ, the appropriate cell types, and the supportive nutrients and growth factors that allow normal cell growth, differentiation, and function. Tissue engineering is a relatively new field, originating in the late 1970s. Early studies focused on efforts to create skin substitutes using biomaterials and epithelial skin cells with a goal of providing barrier protection for patients with burns. The early strategies employed a tissue biopsy, followed by ex vivo expansion of cells seeded on scaffolds. The cell–scaffold composite was later implanted back into the same patient, where the new tissue would mature. However, there were many hurdles to overcome. The three major challenges in the field of tissue engineering involved: (1) the ability to grow and expand normal primary human cells in large quantities; (2) the identification of appropriate biomaterials; and (3) the requirement for adequate vascularization and innervation of the engineered constructs. SN - PB - McGraw-Hill Education CY - New York, NY Y2 - 2022/07/04 UR - accesspharmacy.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1128502519 ER -