TY - CHAP M1 - Book, Section TI - Social Determinants of Health A1 - Sweat, Michael D. A1 - T. Brady, Kathleen A2 - Greenberg, Raymond S. PY - 2014 T2 - Medical Epidemiology: Population Health and Effective Health Care, 5e AB - A series of studies beginning in 1967 in the United Kingdom conducted by Sir Michael Marmot, known as the “Whitehall” studies, followed 17,530 men working as government employees and discovered dramatically different health outcomes over time based mostly on the employee’s type of job. Men in jobs classified as “higher grade,” such as administrators and executives, had significantly better health over time than men in “lower grade” positions, such as clerical workers and unskilled manual laborers. A careful analysis of these data showed that differences in health status were only partially associated with known risk factors. Moreover, when risk factors were controlled for, there were still large and statistically significant differences in health status attributed to the employee’s relative position in the work hierarchy. These differences persisted among the men followed for more than 20 years, and these strong effects of job status on health were later replicated among both male and female government workers. SN - PB - McGraw-Hill Education CY - New York, NY Y2 - 2024/03/28 UR - accesspharmacy.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1108589998 ER -