RT Book, Section
A1 Fox, Donald A.
A1 Boyes, William K.
A2 Klaassen, Curtis D.
SR Print(0)
ID 1158500031
T1 Toxic Responses of the Cornea, Retina, and Central Visual System
T2 Casarett & Doull’s Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons, 9th edition
YR 2019
FD 2019
PB McGraw-Hill Education
PP New York, NY
SN 9781259863745
LK accesspharmacy.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1158500031
RD 2021/04/17
AB Environmental  and  occupational  exposure  to  chemicals,  toxicants,  gases,  and  vapors  as  well  as  the  off  target  effects  of  systemic  and  ocular  therapeutic  drugs  may  result  in  structural  and  functional  alterations  to  the  eye  and  central  visual  system  (Anger  and  Johnson,  1985;  Grant  and  Schuman,  1993;  Otto  and  Fox,  1993;  Fox,  1998;  Santaella  and  Fraunfelder,  2007;  Bartlett  and  Jaanus,  2008;  Fox,  2015;  Simunovic,  2016).  Almost  half  of  all  neurotoxic  chemicals  affect  some  aspect  of  sensory  function  (Crofton  and  Sheets,  1989).  The  most  frequently  reported  sensory  system  alterations  occur  in  the  retina  and  visual  system  (Anger  and  Johnson,  1985;  Crofton  and  Sheets,  1989;  Grant  and  Schuman,  1993;  Fox,  1998,  2015).  Approximately  3000  substances  are  toxic  to  the  eye  and  visual  system  (Grant  and  Schuman,  1993).  In  many  cases,  alterations  in  retinal  and  visual  function  are  the  initial  symptoms  following  chemical  or  toxicant  exposure  (Damstra,  1978;  Hanninen  et  al.,  1978;  Baker  et  al.,  1984;  Anger  and  Johnson,  1985;  Mergler  et  al.,  1987;  Iregren  et  al.,  2002).  This  suggests  that  sensory  systems,  and  in  particular  the  retina  and  central  visual  system,  may  be  especially  vulnerable  to  toxic  insult.  Alterations  in  the  structure  and/or  function  of  the  eye  or  central  visual  system  are  among  the  criteria  utilized  for  setting  permissible  occupational  or  environmental  exposure  levels  for  many  different  chemicals  in  the  United  States  (http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/;  http://www.epa.gov/iris/index.html).  New  or  existing  drugs  may  have  visual  side  effects  (Grant  and  Schuman,  1993;  Novack,  2003;  Brigell  et  al.,  2005;  Santaella  and  Fraunfelder,  2007).  Subtle  alterations  in  visual  processing  of  information  (e.g.,  visual  perception,  visual  motor)  can  have  profound  immediate,  long-term,  and  delayed  effects  on  the  mental,  social,  and  physical  health  and  performance  of  an  individual.  Among  the  elderly,  reduced  visual  function  is  a  major  factor  contributing  to  decreased  ability  to  conduct  routine  activities  of  daily  living,  decreased  ability  to  live  independently,  and  increased  risk  of  falls,  car  crashes,  and  other  hazards.  Ocular  and  visual  system  impairments  can  lead  to  increased  occupational  injuries,  loss  of  productive  work  time,  costs  for  providing  medical  and  social  services,  lost  productivity,  and  a  distinct  decrease  in  the  overall  quality  of  life  (Gupta  et  al.,  2007).