RT Book, Section A1 Barrett, Kim E. A1 Barman, Susan M. A1 Brooks, Heddwen L. A1 Yuan, Jason X.-J. SR Print(0) ID 1159052310 T1 Reflex & Voluntary Control of Posture & Movement T2 Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology, 26e YR 2019 FD 2019 PB McGraw-Hill Education PP New York, NY SN 9781260122404 LK accesspharmacy.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1159052310 RD 2024/03/29 AB OBJECTIVESAfter studying this chapter, you should be able to:Describe the basic elements of a reflex pathway.Identify the components, function, and afferent nerve fibers of the muscle spindle.Explain the neuronal response initiated by striking the patellar tendon (patellar tendon or knee jerk reflex) that leads to contraction of a muscle.Explain how the activity of γ-motor neurons alters the response to muscle stretch.Describe the role of Golgi tendon organs in the control of skeletal muscle.Define physiologic tremor, clonus, and muscle tone.Identify the components and function of the withdrawal reflex pathway.Define spinal shock and describe the initial and long-term changes in spinal reflexes that follow spinal cord injury.Describe how skilled movements are planned and carried out.Contrast the organization of the central pathways involved in the control of axial (posture) and distal (skilled movement, fine motor movements) muscles.Describe the clinical tests and findings that distinguish between upper and lower motor neuron disorders, including the Babinski sign and clonus.Identify the pathophysiology and characteristics of cerebral palsy, decerebrate rigidity, and decorticate rigidity.Identify the components of the basal ganglia and the pathways that interconnect them, along with the neurotransmitters in each pathway.Explain the pathophysiology and symptoms of Parkinson disease, Huntington disease, and other pathologies of the basal ganglia pathways.Discuss the functions of the cerebellum and the neurologic abnormalities produced by diseases of this part of the brain.