RT Book, Section
A1 Parkinson, Andrew
A1 Ogilvie, Brian W.
A1 Buckley, David B.
A1 Kazmi, Faraz
A1 Parkinson, Oliver
A2 Klaassen, Curtis D.
A2 Watkins, John B.
SR Print(0)
ID 1178013502
T1 Biotransformation of Xenobiotics
T2 Casarett & Doull’s Essentials of Toxicology, 4e
YR 2021
FD 2021
PB McGraw Hill
PP New York, NY
SN 9781260452297
LK accesspharmacy.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1178013502
RD 2024/04/23
AB KEY  POINTSBiotransformation  is  the  metabolic  conversion  of  endogenous  and  xenobiotic  chemicals  to  more  water-soluble  compounds.Xenobiotic  biotransformation  is  accomplished  by  a  limited  number  of  enzymes  with  broad  substrate  specificities.Phase  I  reactions  involve  hydrolysis,  reduction,  and  oxidation.  These  reactions  expose  or  introduce  a  functional  group  (—OH,  —NH2,  —SH,  or  —COOH),  and  usually  result  in  only  a  small  increase  in  hydrophilicity.Phase  II  biotransformation  reactions  include  glucuronidation,  sulfonation  (more  commonly  called  sulfation),  acetylation,  methylation,  and  conjugation  with  glutathione  (mercapturic  acid  synthesis),  which  usually  result  in  increased  hydrophilicity  and  elimination.